Land Area, Tilt and Ground Coverage Ratio

It seems like SAM is using a 2/3 (0.67) factor when calculating the total PV array area projected onto ground and does not consider at all the tilt. Where is this 2/3 factor coming from, and why is the tilt not considered when projecting the array onto the ground? 

Hello Paul, 

Thanks for sharing the land area calcs file. It gives some more insight into the assumptions used, but still does not clarify where the 0.67 is coming from, and ignores the tilt. The equations make a lot of sense when the tilt is 0. If the tilt is not equal to 0, referring for example to Figure 2 (page 3 of the document), shouldn't the Lside be projected to the horizontal?  

Thanks, Paul, for the quick reply. So, with this definition of ground coverage ratio that does away with the “projected onto ground”, the calculations make sense and I agree that then the GCR is independent of the tilt angle. However, referring still to Figure 2 of the previous document, the projection of Lside to the horizontal is smaller than Lside itself, so one must accept that the GCR can technically be higher than 1.0 (although that might lead to too much self-shading). The current definition in SAM 2023.12.17 help file indicates that the GCR must be between 0.01 and 0.99; and SAM itself fails when the input GCR is more than 0.99. Let’s also note that the help file indicates also that “SAM calculate a land area estimate from the total module area, ground coverage ratio (GCR) and module tilt angle.” Maybe, needs to also adjust that language in the next release.Now, about the 0.67 figure, the attached image is a capture of SAM PVWatts module. GCR is 0.4 and module area is 0.118 acres. So, one   would expect the land area to be Aground = Aarray/GCR = 0.118/0.4 = 0.295 acres, with the multiplier being 1 and the additional land area set to 0. Instead, the land area is 0.441, i.e. 0.295/0.67? Thanks for clarifying this as I am not sure yet what I am missing here.